The more general characteristics of hydrometallurgy, which differ from pyrometallurgy are parameters such as low operating temperatures, low reaction rates, more environmental friendly, larger plant size for a given throughput of material, low unit costs and selective chemical reactions hayes, 1993. Pdf the decreasing quality of the input materials in copper recycling leads to a higher content of impurities in the anode copper. Pdf copper technology changed from the vertical to the horizontal furnace and from the roast reaction to. It is possible to isolate many of the representative metals by chemical reduction using other elements as reducing agents. It is a technique within the field of extractive metallurgy involving the use of aqueous chemistry for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials.
Hydrometallurgical upgrading of a tetrahedriterich copper. Smelting, converting and fire refining stages to obtain the anode. Pyrometallurgical processes, including smelting and electrolytic refining. For many sulfide copper minerals, the removal of copper is accomplished with fire so it is know as a pyrometallurgical process pyro is the greek word for fire.
The combined blowing approach yielded oxygen efficiencies of 85% during blister finishing, although the subsonic open pipe lance was mounted 1. The cathode plates are coated with graphite in order to remove depositing copper. Pyrometallurgy, extraction and purification of metals by processes involving the application of heat. There are two ways of smelting copper, one is pyrometallurgy, the other hydrometallurgical. Two fifteenyearold girlsone a slave and the other an indentured servantescape their carolina plantation and try to make their way to fort mose, florida, a spanish colony that gives sanctuary to slaves.
Majority of metals are extracted by pyrometallurgical route because it is. Refining of copper blister copper is refined by electrolysis. Pyrometallurgical process an overview sciencedirect topics. The crystals are shoveled with copper shovels into this hopper, which fills the pushcar underneath through a spout with slide in the center. Pdf this chapter highlights key aspects of pyrometallurgy. The copper ii ions are removed again from the organic solvent by reaction with fresh sulfuric acid, producing a much more concentrated copper ii sulfate solution than before. Use add new topic to ask a new questiondiscussion about pyrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. This is the basis of pyrometallurgy, electrometallurgy, the dissociation or in decomposition of a compound in solution i. Pyrometallurgy it involves the smelting, converting and refining of metal concentrate.
Textbook of pyrometallurgy download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl. Click download or read online button to get pyrometallurgy book now. The steadily growing demand for all metals is strengthened by the emerging of electrical vehicles ev which brings along the high need of the battery metals, but additionally a significant increase in copper consumption. Obviously, the copper extraction in pyrometallurgy contributes the largest amount of slag among all the nonferrous metals. Mets is the engineering company that produced deepsouths preliminary economic assessment pea disclosed on february 26, 2018. Kansanshi mining plc which encompasses the smelter and the adjacent mine is 80% owned by vancouverbased first quantum minerals ltd and 20% owned by zambian mining. Established in 1988, mineral engineering technical services provides a range of services in the fields of minerals processing, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy.
Jones, south african institute of mining and metallurgy, johannesburg, 58 march 2006 249 transformation of the palabora copper smelter from a captive smelter to a toll custom smelter d. Primary metal production pyrometallurgy deals with chemical reactions at high temperatures ranging from 100c up to 3000c. Using add reply allows you to attach images or pdf files and provide a more complete input. Join researchgate to discover and stay uptodate with the latest. This paper provides a brief overview of the current copper smelting operations in southern africa. We are a largescale manufacturer specializing in producing various mining machines including different types of sand and gravel equipment, milling equipment, mineral processing equipment and building materials equipment.
Hydrometallurgy of copper william eckert greenawalt. How copper is extracted, crushed, and sent to the two major processing methods. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. The pyrometallurgy and robust pyroprocess methods of recycling will be discussed in detail in chapter four. Pyrometallurgical separation of nickel from copper is. Primary metal production michigan technological university. The most important operations are roasting, smelting, and refining. We use small cameras to follow the path of copper ore as it is processed into pure copper sheets. It consist of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Fourteen domestic mines accounted for more than 95 percent of the 1. Minteks pyrometallurgical division brochure 1202 kb pyrometallurgical processes and equipment. In modern metallurgy, pyrometallurgy is of major importance in the production of many of the most useful metals, including iron, steel, lead, copper, and nickel. Volume iv pyrometallurgy of copper, the hermann schwarze symposium book 1 smelting operations, ancillary operations and furnance integrity kapusta, j. Page 443 the principle observed in the construction of this evaporator is the application of the hot furnace gases in a manner by which almost a complete utilization of the heat contained in them takes place.
Department of mining, metallurgical, and materials engineering. This fact meant closing down many important mining companies in the world, mainly in usa. Copper concentrators typically treat up to 100 000 t of ore per day. Copper ii ions are deposited as copper on the cathode for the electrode equation, see under the purification of copper below. This stems from the relative stabilities of nickel and copper sulfides and oxides. Nixon palabora mining company, phalaborwa, south africa. It has been reported that in the smelting processes from sulfide concentrates for copper production, the slag volume generated reaches 2. Pyrometallurgy will continue to be a dominant extractive metallurgical method of choice for treating highgrade clean ores and concentrates, such as iron ore or copper.
Pyrometallurgy the science and technology of hightemperature metallurgical processes. View pyrometallurgy ppts online, safely and virusfree. These separation techniques form the basis of thermal smelting and refining operations. Pdf pyrometallurgical refining of copper in an anode furnace. Pressure hydrometallurgy offers the possibility of liberating the copper industry from so2 problem. Forsyth, dealt with the use of south africas lowgrade chromite ores in the direct production of stainless steel. Principles of extractive metallurgy rakes h kumar email. The philosophy that, because many smelters are situated in remoteareas, particularly inacountry likesouth africa, the abatement of sulphur dioxide pollution isnotvery important isunlikely.
Management of copper pyrometallurgical slags 543 introduction during the last years, due to worldwide economic recession and a large inventory of stock, copper reached a historical value of 0. Extracting copper from copper ironsulfide ores melting and casting cathode copper recycle of copper and copper alloy scrap suggested reading references 2 production and use 2. Blocks of blister copper are casted to use as anodes and thin sheets of pure copper act as cathodes. Metallurgical processes that use an electric current can be considered an independent area of pyrometallurgy that is called electrometallurgy. Copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore less than 1% copper and ends with sheets of 99. Recycle of precious metals utilizing copper based industrial pyrometallurgy and electrorefining. In most instances, both phases are molten such as the matte and slag in a conventional copper smelting operation.
It is possible to make copper metal by the oxidation of cu,s at relatively low temperatures 1. Copper concentrates obtained after beneficiating the ore are subjected to a number of operations such as oxidation and melting to get the metal. It includes a historical introduction, basic theoretical principles, and a selected list of references. Pyrometallurgy usually adopts original ore, in which its content can reach 20%30% after mineral processing. Leached residue makes up the highgrade pgmcu concentrate containing 3065% pges. Full scale tests began in 1989 using a peirce smith converter shell equipped with two porous plugs and an oxygen lance. However, in the case of lowgrade ores or complex concentrates with abundant impurities, a combination of the use of hydrometallurgical and aqueous electrowinning are gaining. Pyrometallurgical separation of nickel from copper is difficult. In ferronickel production, ores are posing difficulties for furnace design, sending engineers back to the drawing board to consider new cooling technologies and refractory selection methods.
Pyrometallurgy index pyro technical papers patents people capabilities contact info. In hydrometallurgy, the reduction process depends on the judicious manipulation of. Installation manualin 1975 the first model from vermont castings was produced, the defiant i. Pyrometallurgy definition of pyrometallurgy by the free. This treatment may produce pure metals,intermediate. Pyrometallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste. Hydrometallurgy is a method for obtaining metals from their ores. In those days, stainless steel manufacturers required ferrochromium with. Click download or read online button to get textbook of pyrometallurgy book now. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. In these pyrometallurgical processes, ewastecupb scraps are fed into a furnace, whereby metals are collected in a. Then, after being smelted, refined copper and copper products are yielded.
Monoxide transition calculation 2010 oxides and pyrometallurgy 1 montreal export of results to excel and plotting phase diagrams of oxide systems in equilibrium with metals. As the highgrade copper deposits in the world become depleted, there is an increasing focus on developing lowergrade ores which contain problematic. Dear colleagues, there are several major megatrends having an impact on pyrometallurgical metals processing. The electrolyte is copper sulphate cuso 4 mixed with a. Pyrometallurgy download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. Copper and nickel are extracted by the sulfuric acidleaching route. Metal chemical processing techniques that complement hydrometallurgy are pyrometallurgy, vapour metallurgy and molten salt electrometallurgy. Oxides and pyrometallurgy copper extraction from sulfide concentrates using equilib program selection of databases phase selection. Pyro and hydrometallurgical copper processing p3 youtube. The mining and mineral processing industry has changed significantly over the last thirty years. No serious hydrometallurgical competitors to copper pyrometallurgy emerged, however, the cyprus ci leachci precipitationh2 reduce process which was announced 28 could be interesting for small plants while the recently presented sherrittcominco copper process seems overly complex.
Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for. It includes a historical introduction, basic theoretical principles, and a. The apparatus consists of a flat tank, wooden with the exception of a 2ft. About 95 % of the ore input goes into the tailings, which are stored in large dams near the mine and are used for. The book describes systematically the thermal processes for the extraction of metals from their ores and their refining in a pure form. We sit down with kristyann duffy, a process consultant for hatchs mineral processing division, to look at some of the challenges weve overcome, some of the changes well have to face in the future, and how smarter practices and more efficient technologies are changing the game. In copper smelting, concentrates are becoming dirtier, needing a wider range of more innovative solutions to remove impurities and maintain product quality.
Chapter 6 copper production technology the last boomin technological innovation for the copper industry occurred in the first two decades of this century, whenopen pit mining, flo tation concentration,and the reverberatory smelter were adapted to porphyry copper ores. Pyrometallurgy was a prominent part of minteks work during the 1930s. In 1989, arizona produced 60 percent of the total u. In general, chemical reduction is much less expensive than electrolysis, and for this reason, chemical reduction is the method of choice for the isolation of these elements.
Pyrometallurgy definition, the process or technique of refining ores with heat so as to accelerate chemical reactions or to melt the metallic or nonmetallic content. Pyrometallurgy pyrometallurgy is the branch of extractive metallurgy. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Page 447 rails are laid in recesses near the rim of the tanks so that the rails of the two opposite rows of tanks form a track for a hopper mounted on wheels. The most common types of ore, copper oxide and copper sulfide, undergo two different processes, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, respectively, due to the different. The gas phase may also be used to advantage, either as a means of separating valuable volatile constituents or for removing unwanted volatile impurities. Pdf recycle of precious metals utilizing copper based. Copper that is mined from copper ore, after beneficiation, becomes high quality copper concentrate. Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. The concentrate is further processed in steps of electrolytic refining electrolysis, pyrometallurgy, and selectivesolvent extraction refining for final separation of the pure precious metals. Introduction copper and copper alloys are essential materials for todays modern world. They are located directly at the mines to achieve low transport costs. A vast majority of metallurgical reactions are made to take place at elevated temperature, because then the compounds become relatively unstable, facilating the realese of the metal, this is called as pyrometallur. In copper production, the concentrate obtained after oreflotation follows by pyrometallurgical route.
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